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• • • Elections for the second Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC), the legislature of the (PNA), were held on 25 January 2006. The result was a victory for, contesting under the list name of Change and Reform, who won with 74 seats of the 132 seats, whilst the ruling won just 45. In terms of votes received, Hamas took 44.45% of the vote, whilst Fatah received 41.43% and of the Electoral Districts, Hamas party candidates received 41.73% and Fatah party candidates received 36.96%. The parliament was inaugurated on 18 February 2006. The,, resigned, but at the request of, remained as Prime Minister until 19 February 2006, when Hamas leader formed a. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Background [ ] The election of 2006 marked the second time Palestinians elected members to the Palestine Legislative Council; the had taken place in 1996. Elections had been postponed for many years due to discord between Fatah and Hamas.

An agreement in March 2005 produced the, which called for legislative elections with a (the 1996 elections had been based on the with multi-member constituencies. Palestinian voters in the and in the (including ) were eligible to participate in the election. Earlier, the and the had taken place.

After the resounding victory of Hamas in these elections, Mahmoud Abbas unilaterally changed the voting system into a full system by presidential decree, bypassing the dysfunctional PLC. The United States had spent $2.3 million in on support for the Palestinian elections, allegedly designed to bolster the image of President Abbas and his Fatah party. USAID’s Offices used discretionary spending accounts for various projects, including tree planting, schoolroom additions, a soccer tournament, street cleaning, and computers at community centers.

USAID removed its usual branding requirement on its sponsored activities. The US was accused of trying to influence the outcome of the election. Electoral system [ ]. Map showing electoral districts and areas of formal Palestinian control (green) The previous elections chose 88 PLC members from several multimember constituencies via. In advance of the 2006 elections, Palestinian electoral law was changed to expand the PLC from 88 to 132 seats and to introduce a degree of via a system. The divided the PLC election seats into two groups: 50% elected by proportional representation taking the as a single district and 50% by the majoritarian system in different districts. Each voter receives two ballots.

On the first, the voter chooses one of several nationwide party lists. 66 of the PLC seats are distributed proportionally (in accordance with the ) to those lists that receive more than 2% of the total list votes; if a list receives six seats, then the six candidates at the top of the list are elected to the PLC. Each list must include at least one woman in the first three names, at least one woman in the next four names, and at least one woman in the five names that follow. The second ballot is for the voter's local constituency. The voter can cast up to as many votes for individual candidates as there are seats in his or her constituency. Votes are unweighted, and top-vote getters are elected to the PLC. For example, a voter in the Nablus district could cast up to six votes; the six candidates with the highest vote totals are elected.

In some constituencies, one or two seats are set aside for the candidates with the most votes. For instance, in Ramallah, a five-seat constituency, the Christian candidate with the most votes will be elected to the PLC, even if he or she is not among top five candidates overall. The six seats reserved for Christians are considered the minimum quota for their representation in the council. Further information: After the capture of on 25 June 2006, Israel launched a series of raids into Gaza and West Bank. Israel destroyed civilian infrastructure and arrested dozens of Hamas supporters, including elected cabinet ministers and members of the PLC. On 28 June overnight, the army invaded Gaza and performed airstrikes, bombing infrastructure such as bridges and an electricity station. On 29 June, the IDF detained from the West Bank 8 ministers and 26 PLC members in addition to many other political leaders. Management By Bartol And Martin Pdf File.

By August 2006, Israel had arrested 49 senior Hamas officials, all from the West Bank, including 33 parliamentarians, 'because technically they were members of a terrorist organisation although they may not be involved in terrorist acts themselves'. Most of the detainees were strong moderated members within Hamas, urging leaders in Gaza to recognise Israel and ensure the party is acceptable to the international community.

Hamas has accused Israel of trying to destroy the Hamas-led Palestinian Authority. Sanctions [ ]. Main article: Economic sanctions against the Palestinian National Authority and individual PLC members elected for Hamas were imposed by and the against the and the. On 28 January 2006, Israel said it would prevent Hamas leaders, including newly elected PLC deputies, from travelling between the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.

On 29 January, Ehud Olmert said that after Hamas sets up a Government, Israel would stop transferring to the PA custom duties and taxes it had collected on their behalf until it was satisfied that they would not end up in the hands of “terrorists”. US Secretary of State Rice declared that 'The United States wants other nations to cut off aid to a Hamas-led Palestinian Government, also ruling out any US financial assistance to a Hamas Government.' On 17 February, one day before the new parliament was sworn in, the current Fatah-led government returned $50 million US aid that Washington did not want to come in the hands of the new government. The money was destined out for infrastructure projects in Gaza. On 30 January, the Quartet called for reviewing support for the future government against its commitment to the principles of nonviolence, recognition of Israel, and acceptance of previous agreements and obligations, including the Roadmap. Questioning the Right to Govern [ ] Prior to the 2006 elections Israel had concerns that Hamas might win enough seats that it could demand a position in government. US President George Bush was not willing to press for Hamas’ exclusion from the election process.

Abu Mazen (Abbas) was confident that Fatah would win the elections, as was Bush, who urged that the elections should take place. The Guardian observed that the unforeseen election win by Hamas 'was seen as an affront to the central premise of the Bush administration's policy in the Middle East - that democratic elections would inexorably lead to pro-western governments'. Fatah post-election impediments [ ]. Palestine-Israel Journal, Vol 13 No. •, 7 December 1995. PCHR, 4 September 2007 •, pp.

Sharp, CRS Report for Congress, 2 February 2006 (RS22370) • ^ • •. August 27, 2001. Retrieved May 22, 2010. • Marmari, Hanoch (June 6, 2002).. Retrieved May 22, 2010. • Peter Cave (August 28, 2001)..

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Retrieved 2011-05-23. Retrieved 2011-05-23. Addameer, 2013 •. Central Elections Commission •. Ma'an News Agency, 12 September 2008 •.

The Carter Center, 24 January 2012 •. Retrieved 2011-05-23. • Martin Indyk, Innocent Abroad (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009), pages 382-383. Retrieved 2011-05-23. Retrieved 2011-05-23. Conal Urquhart, Guardian, 16 January 2006 • ^ (PDF).

NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE. Delegation of the European Union at the United Nations. • • Erlanger, Steven (2006-01-25).. Retrieved 2011-05-23.

Retrieved 2011-05-23. Archived from on March 13, 2007. Retrieved February 4, 2016. Missing or empty title= () •.

Palestine Center for Policy and Survey Research. Near East Consulting. • Angela Stephens (2006).. World Public Opinion. Congressional Research Service - The Library of Congress.

BBC, 29 June 2006 •. Conal Urquhart, Guardian, 21 August 2006 •. US Department of the Treasury, 12 April 2006 •. Steven Erlanger, New York Times, 18 February 2006 • ^ 2015-09-23 at the. UN, Division for Palestinian Rights •.

CNN, 20 February 2006 •. Un.org • ^ Paul Morro (2007). CRS Report for Congress – May 9, 2007, Order Code RS22659. • Glen Kessler (2005).. Washington Post.

• ^ Suzanne Goldenberg (2008).. The Guardian. Khalil Shikaki (2007). Brandeis University – Crown Center for Middle East Studies.

International Business Publications U.S.A. • Scott Wilson (2007)..

The Washington Post. CRS Report for Congress. Congressional Research Service - The Library of Congress. • David Makovsky and Elizabeth Young (2005).. The Washington Institute. • Steven Erlanger (2006)..

The New York Times. • US Department of State for Jacob Walles (2006). US Department of State. • Tom Segev (2008).. • David Rose (2008).. • Khaled Abu Toameh (2008).. The Jerusalem Post.

• Alastair Crooke (2007).. Conflicts Forum. • David Gollust (2008)..

Voice of America. • Aaron Klien (2007).. World Net Daily. • Ken Kurson (October 28, 2016).. New York Observer. Retrieved October 29, 2016. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC News).

• David Lea (2002).. Taylor and Francis.. • David Fickling (2006).. The Guardian. • Scott Wilson (2007)..

The Washington Post. • Barak Ravid (2010).. External links [ ] • • • • • • • •, Wikinews.

Princesa Line Infantry Regiment (left) and Catalonia Light Infantry Regiment (right) The, negotiated during a meeting in July 1807 between Emperors and, concluded the. With shattered, and allied with, Napoleon expressed irritation that was open to trade with the.

Pretexts were plentiful; Portugal was Britain's oldest ally in Europe, Britain was finding new opportunities for trade with Portugal's colony in, the used 's port in its operations against France, and he wanted to deny the British the use of the Portuguese fleet. Furthermore,, regent for his insane mother, had declined to join the emperor's against British trade. Events moved rapidly. The Emperor sent orders on 19 July 1807 to his Foreign Minister,, to order Portugal to declare war on Britain, close its ports to British ships, detain British subjects on a provisional basis and sequester their goods. After a few days, a large force started concentrating. Meanwhile, the Portuguese government's resolve was stiffening, and shortly afterward Napoleon was once again told that Portugal would not go beyond its original agreements. Napoleon now had all the pretext that he needed, while his force, the First Corps of Observation of the Gironde with in command, was prepared to march on Lisbon.

After he received the Portuguese answer, he ordered Junot's corps to cross the frontier into. While all this was going on, the secret had been signed between France and Spain. The document was drawn up by Napoleon's marshal of the palace and Eugenio Izquierdo, an agent for. The treaty proposed to carve up Portugal into three entities. (Oporto) and the northern part was to become the, under. The southern portion, as the Principality of the Algarves, would fall to Godoy. The rump of the country, centered on Lisbon, was to be administered by the French.

According to the Treaty of Fontainebleau, Junot's invasion force was to be supported by 25,500 men in three Spanish columns. Taranco and 6,500 troops were ordered to march from to seize Porto in the north. Solano would advance from with 9,500 soldiers to capture and its.

Caraffa and 9,500 men were instructed to assemble at and, and cooperate with Junot's main force. On 12 October, Junot's corps began crossing the River into Spain. Junot was selected because he had served as ambassador to Portugal in 1805. He was known as a good fighter and an active officer, although he never exercised independent command. Spanish situation [ ].

Further information: By 1800, the Kingdom of Spain was in a state of social unrest. Townsfolk and peasants all over the country, who had been forced to bury family members in new municipal cemeteries, took back their bodies at night and tried to restore them to their old resting-places. In, the growing of the court was opposed by the majos—shopkeepers, artisans, taverners and labourers who dressed in traditional style, and took pleasure in picking fights with petimetres. Spain was an ally of Napoleon's First French Empire; however, defeat at the in October 1805 had removed the reason for alliance with France. Godoy—who was a favourite of King —began to seek some form of escape. At the start of the War of the Fourth Coalition, which pitted the Kingdom of Prussia against Napoleon, Godoy issued a proclamation that was obviously aimed at France, even though it did not specify an enemy. After Napoleon's decisive victory at the, Godoy quickly withdrew the proclamation.

However, it was too late to avert the Emperor's suspicions. Napoleon planned from that moment to deal with his inconstant ally at some future time. In the meantime, the Emperor dragooned Godoy and Charles IV into providing a division of Spanish troops to serve in northern Europe.

The spent the winter of 1807–1808 in, and towns of the old. Spanish troops marched into in early 1808. Invasion of Portugal [ ]. The Portuguese royal family. Concerned that Britain might intervene in Portugal or that the Portuguese might resist, Napoleon decided to speed up the invasion timetable, and instructed Junot to move west from along the valley to Portugal, a distance of only 120 miles (193 km). On 19 November 1807, Junot set out for Lisbon.

As bad as the roads were on the Spanish side of the border, those in Portugal were worse, being a mere track through a rocky wilderness. In addition to the continual rain, by the time he reached the only guns able to keep up the pace were four Spanish horse artillery pieces, while half of the soldiers were straggling or marauding. Junot organized four battalions of his best remaining men and set out for Lisbon, which was still 75 miles (121 km) away. Without a single cannon or cavalryman, 1,500 French troops marched into Lisbon on 30 November. Although the Prince Regent had attempted to placate Napoleon, he never cut his links with the British. As Junot's army loomed closer, John dithered between offering complete submission and fleeing to Brazil. Finally, Adm.

Smith produced a 13 October edition of the Paris Moniteur, which declared that the had been deposed. At this, John made up his mind to escape. He loaded his family, courtiers, state papers and treasure aboard the fleet.

He was joined in flight by many nobles, merchants and others. With 15 warships and more than 20 transports, the fleet of refugees weighed anchor on 29 November and set sail for the colony of Brazil. The flight had been so chaotic that 14 carts loaded with treasure were left behind on the docks.

It took ten days for all of Junot's infantry to arrive and even longer for his artillery to show up, their cartridges soaked and their uniforms in tatters. As one of Junot's first acts, the property of those who had fled to Brazil was sequestrated and a 100-million- indemnity imposed. The army formed into a, and went to northern Germany to perform garrison duty. Junot did his best to calm the situation by trying to keep his troops under control. While the Portuguese civil authorities were generally subservient toward their occupiers, the common people were angry. Nevertheless, the harsh taxes caused bitter resentment among the population.

By January 1808, there were executions of persons who resisted the exactions of the French. The situation was dangerous, but it would need a trigger from outside to transform unrest into revolt. Iberian insurrections, 1808 [ ].

La gesta de los zapadores. The Spanish royal regiment of (Regimiento Real de Minadores-Zapadores) abandon on May 24, 1808, to join the loyalist cause in Valencia. The, by which Godoy fell from power and came to the Spanish throne following the abdication of Charles IV, took place in mid-March 1808. In its aftermath, Spain was astir. Attacks on godoyistas were frequent, while the failure of the French to recognise Ferdinand caused much discontent and gave rise to the suspicion that they intended to restore Godoy to office. By the beginning of May 1808, rumours were spreading that the Junta de Gobierno—the council of regency left behind by Ferdinand—was being pressured into sending the last members of the royal family to Bayonne.

On 2 May, the citizens of Madrid against the French occupation; they killed 150 French soldiers before the uprising was put down by Joachim Murat's elite and cavalry, which crashed into the city and trampled the rioters. The next day, as immortalized by in his painting, the French army shot hundreds of Madrid's citizens in retaliation. Similar reprisals occurred in other cities and continued for days, strengthening the resistance. Bloody, spontaneous fighting known as (literally 'little war') erupted in much of Spain. Locally organised rebel groups were unaware of the resistance being prepared elsewhere in Spain. According to Esdaile, the partisans were as committed to driving the out of Spain as they were to fighting foreign armies; the Patriots had no scruples about killing officials skeptical of their revolutionary program.

When Ferdinand departed for Bayonne he had left a structure of government, headed by the Junta de Gobierno. Presided over by Ferdinand's uncle, the, it comprised the ministers appointed by Ferdinand to head the ministries of Foreign Affairs, War, Finance, Navy and Grace and Justice, which since the reign of had constituted the heart of the Spanish administration. Coexistent with the departments were the,, War, the Admiralty, the Treasury, the Military Orders and the Inquisition. Spain was divided into 32 provinces, each headed by a Treasury official known as an, and 14, each headed by a, captain general. New heads were found for all the ministries; the, an old enemy of Godoy, was appointed president of the Council of Castile, and was made Captain General of. Despite a few officials having been driven from their posts by popular fury, the overall system was unchanged. Although the Spanish government, including the Council of Castile, had accepted Napoleon's decision to grant the Spanish crown to his brother, the Spanish population rejected Napoleon's plans and expressed their opposition through the local municipal and provincial governments.

Following, which held that the monarchy was a contract between the monarch and the people, local governments responded to the crisis by transforming themselves into ad hoc governmental juntas. The first wave of uprisings, that took place without any knowledge of revolt elsewhere, were in and on 23 May; and on 24 May; and the province of, which cast out its French governor on 25 May and 'declared war on Napoleon at the height of his greatness'. Within weeks, all the Spanish provinces followed suit. In Cartagena, red cockades—the traditional badge of the Bourbon monarchy—were handed out to the people, and the garrison supported the rising, whereupon the captain general and the military governor were arrested. A provincial was established under a prominent admiral. In Zaragoza, where, a of the elite, had been hiding outside the city, the conspirators' agents steered the crowds into calling for him to lead them. The captain general was imprisoned, and Palafox was installed as de facto governor of Zaragoza and captain general of.

He wasted no time in declaring war on Napoleon and, with his elder brother, commanded a series of attacks against the French that led to the (15 June—14 August 1808). Most major towns now had emergency administrations—two exceptions were, where the town council held sway, and Zaragoza, which was in the sole charge of Palafox—but the resultant juntas refused the bourgeois revolution of legend. The deteriorating strategic situation forced France to increase its military commitments. In February 1808, Napoleon had boasted that 12,000 men could conquer Spain; by 1 June, over 65,000 troops were rushing into the country to control the crisis. The main French army of 80,000 held a narrow strip of central Spain from and in the north to Madrid and in the centre.

The French in Madrid sheltered behind an additional 30,000 troops under Marshal. 's corps were stranded in Portugal, cut off by 300 miles (480 km) of hostile territory, but within days of the outbreak of revolt, French columns in Old Castile,, Aragon and were searching for the insurgent forces. Spain in revolt, 1808 [ ]. Nicky Romero Kickstart Keygen Torrent there.

The, 1813 At daylight on 7 October 1813 Wellington crossed the in seven columns, attacked the entire French position, which stretched in two heavily entrenched lines from north of the - road, along mountain spurs to the 2,800 feet (850 m) high. The decisive movement was a passage in strength near to the astonishment of the enemy, who in view of the width of the river and the shifting sands, had thought the crossing impossible at that point. The French right was then rolled back, and Soult was unable to reinforce his right in time to retrieve the day. His works fell in succession after hard fighting, and he withdrew towards the river. The losses were about—Allies, 1,600; French, 1,400. [ ] The 'was a general's not a soldier's battle'. On 31 October, and Wellington was now anxious to drive Suchet from Catalonia before invading France.

The British government, however, in the interests of the continental powers, urged an immediate advance over the northern Pyrennes into south-eastern France. Napoleon had just suffered a major defeat at the on 19 October and was in retreat, [ ] so Wellington left the clearance of Catalonia to others. Campaign in the northern Mediterranean region [ ] In the northern Mediterranean region of Spain () Suchet had defeated Elio's Murcians at and (11 April 1813), but was subsequently routed by Lieutenant General at the (13 April), who then. The siege was abandoned after a time, but was later on renewed by Lieutenant General.

Suchet, after the, evacuated Tarragona (17 August) but defeated Bentinck in the (13 September). Early in 1814 at the (16 January) Sir attacked Suchet and then blockaded on 7 February. The French posts of, and had also been yielded up, and Suchet, on 2 March 1814, crossed the Pyrenees into France. Invasion of France [ ].

The Battle of Nivelle Each army had with it about 100 guns; and, during a heavy cannonade, Wellington on 10 November 1813 attacked this extended position of 16 miles (26 km) in five columns, these being so directed that after carrying Soult's advanced works a mass of about 50,000 men converged towards the French centre near Amotz, where, after hard fighting, it swept away the 18,000 of the second line there opposed to it, cutting Soult's army in two. The French right then fell back to, the left towards points on the Nive. It was now late and the Allies, after moving a few miles down both banks of the Nivelle, bivouacked, while Soult, taking advantage of the respite, withdrew in the night to. The allied loss during the was about 2,700; that of the French 4,000, 51 guns, and all their magazines.

The next day Wellington closed in upon Bayonne from the sea to the left bank of the. Battles of the Nive, December 1813 [ ] After this there was a period of comparative inaction, though during it the French were driven from the bridges at Urdains and. The weather had become bad, and the Nive unfordable; but there were additional and serious causes of delay. The Portuguese and Spanish authorities were neglecting the payment and supply of their troops. Wellington had also difficulties of a similar kind with his own government, and also the Spanish soldiers, in revenge for many French outrages, had become guilty of grave excesses in France, so that Wellington took the extreme step of sending 25,000 of them back to Spain and resigning the command of their army (though his resignation was subsequently withdrawn). So great was the tension at this crisis that a rupture with Spain seemed possible, but this did not happen. Wellington, who in his cramped position between the sea and the Nive could not use his cavalry or artillery effectively, or interfere with the French supplies coming through, determined to occupy the right as well as the left bank of the Nive.

He could not pass to that bank with his whole force while Soult held Bayonne, without exposing his own communications through. Therefore, on 9 December 1813, after making a demonstration elsewhere, he effected the passage with a portion of his force only under and, and Cambo-les-Bains, his loss being slight, and thence pushed down the river towards, where Soult barred his way across the road to Bayonne. The allied army was now divided into two portions by the Nive; and Soult from Bayonne at once took advantage of his central position to attack it with all his available force, first on the left bank and then on the right.

The sortie from the besieged city of Bayonne, on 14 April 1814 When Beresford, who had now rejoined Wellington, had passed over, the bridge was swept away, which left him isolated on the right bank. But Soult did not attack, and the bridge as restored on 8 April, Wellington crossed the Garonne and the, and attacked Soult on 10 April. In the the French numbered about 40,000 (exclusive of the local National Guards) with 80 guns; the Allies under 52,000 with 64 guns. Soult's position to the north and east of the city was exceedingly strong, consisting of the, some fortified suburbs, and (to the extreme east) the commanding ridge of Mont Rave (Heights of Calvinet), which crowned the and earthworks. Wellington's columns, under Beresford, were now called upon to make a flank march of some two miles, under artillery, and occasionally musketry, fire, being threatened also by cavalry, and then, while the Spanish troops assaulted the north of the ridge, to wheel up, mount the eastern slope, and carry the works.

The Spaniards were repulsed, but Beresford's forces took Mont Rave and Soult fell back behind the canal. On 12 April Wellington advanced to invade Toulouse from the south, but Soult on the night of 11 April had retreated towards Villefranque, and Wellington then entered the city. The allied loss was about 5,000, the French 3,000. Thus, in the last great battle of the war, the courage and resolution of the soldiers of the Peninsular army were conspicuously illustrated. On 13 April 1814 officers arrived with the announcement to both armies of the capture of Paris, the abdication of Napoleon, and the practical conclusion of peace; and on 18 April a convention, which included Suchet's force, was entered into between Wellington and Soult. Unfortunately, after Toulouse had fallen, the Allies and French, in a on 14 April, each lost about 1,000 men, so that some 10,000 men fell after peace had virtually been made.

The was formally signed at Paris on 30 May 1814. Aftermath [ ].