Baltic Queen Virtual Sailor Downloads

Mar 28, 2010. I actually have the only picture of the old O.L. Center coming down. The sight made every Manhattan resident run East of the tower when the buildings collapsed. Here it is: When this happened, the Top of the World Restaurant was intact so we used it as a memorial of the old O.L. Center, the new TotW. The Quality Simulations Forum. The Official Forums for Virtual Sailor, Micro Flight. M/S Baltic Queen M/S Victoria I. Virtual Sailor - The virtual sailing.

Battling, a privateer vessel commanded by in October 1800, as depicted in a painting. A privateer was a private person or ship that engaged in maritime warfare under a commission of war. The commission, also known as a, empowered the person to carry on all forms of hostility permissible at sea by the usages of war, including attacking foreign vessels during wartime and taking them as prizes. Captured ships were subject to condemnation and sale under, with the proceeds divided between the privateer sponsors, shipowners, captains and crew. A percentage share usually went to the issuer of the commission. Since robbery under arms was common to seaborne trade, all merchant ships were already armed.

During war, naval resources were auxiliary to operations on land so privateering was a way of subsidizing state power by mobilizing armed ships and sailors. Boarding of the (a British East Indiaman) by the French corsair. Some crews were treated as harshly as naval crews of the time, while others followed the comparatively relaxed rules of merchant ships. Some crews were made up of professional merchant seamen, others of, debtors, and. Some privateers ended up becoming pirates, not just in the eyes of their enemies but also of their own nations., for instance, began as a legitimate British privateer but was later for piracy.

Among the corsairs that acted under authorization of his country they emphasize: • () • () • ( or Hispanic Monarchy) • () Ships [ ] Entrepreneurs converted many different types of vessels into privateers, including obsolete warships and refitted merchant ships. The investors would arm the vessels and recruit large crews, much larger than a merchantman or a naval vessel would carry, in order to crew the prizes they captured. Privateers generally cruised independently, but it was not unknown for them to form squadrons, or to co-operate with the regular navy.

A number of privateers were part of the English fleet that opposed the in 1588. Privateers generally avoided encounters with warships, as such encounters would be at best unprofitable. Still, such encounters did occur. For instance, in 1815 encountered, herself a former American privateer, mistaking her for a merchantman until too late; in this instance, however, the privateer prevailed. The used mixed of and privateers in the.

Following the, French privateers became a menace to British and American shipping in the western Atlantic and the Caribbean, resulting in the, a brief conflict between France and the United States, fought largely at sea, and to the Royal Navy's procuring to combat the French privateers. Overall history [ ].

16th-century trade routes prey to privateering: linking the Caribbean to, started in 1568 (white) and rival of 1498–1640 (blue) The practice dated to at least the 13th century but the word itself was coined sometime in the mid-17th century., and later the, used privateers to great effect and suffered much from other nations' privateering. During the 15th century, 'piracy became an increasing problem and merchant communities such as Bristol began to resort to self-help, arming and equipping ships at their own expense to protect commerce.' These privately owned merchant ships, licensed by the crown, could legitimately take vessels that were deemed pirates. This constituted a 'revolution in naval strategy' and helped fill the need for protection that the current administration was unable to provide as it 'lacked an institutional structure and coordinated finance.' The increase in competition for crews on armed merchant vessels and privateers was due, in a large part, because of the chance for a considerable payoff.

'Whereas a seaman who shipped on a naval vessel was paid a wage and provided with victuals, the mariner on a merchantman or privateer was paid with an agreed share of the takings.' This proved to be a far more attractive prospect and privateering flourished as a result. During reign, she 'encouraged the development of this supplementary navy.' Over the course of her rule, she had 'allowed Anglo-Spanish relations to deteriorate' to the point where one could argue that a war with the Spanish was inevitable.

By using privateers, if the Spanish were to take offense at the plundering of their ships, Queen Elizabeth could always deny she had anything to do with the actions of such independents. Some of the most famous privateers that later fought in the included the. In the late 16th century, English ships cruised in the Caribbean and off the coast of Spain, trying to intercept from the. At this early stage the idea of a regular navy (the, as distinct from the ) was not present, so there is little to distinguish the activity of English privateers from regular naval warfare. Attacking Spanish ships, even during peacetime, was part of a policy of military and economic competition with Spain – which had been monopolizing the maritime along with the helping to provoke the. [ ] Capturing a Spanish treasure ship would enrich the Crown as well as strike a practical blow against Spanish domination of America.

Was a brilliantly successful Dutch privateer who captured a Spanish treasure fleet. Was another privateer who served the Dutch against the Spanish. While their and others' attacks brought home a great deal of money, they hardly dented the flow of gold and silver from Mexico to Spain. Elizabeth was succeeded by the first Stuart monarchs, and, who did not permit privateering. There were a number of unilateral and bilateral declarations limiting privateering between 1785 and 1823.

However, the breakthrough came in 1856 when the, signed by all major European powers, stated that 'Privateering is and remains abolished'. The US did not sign because a stronger amendment, protecting all private property from capture at sea, was not accepted.

In the 19th century many nations passed laws forbidding their nationals from accepting commissions as privateers for other nations. The last major power to flirt with privateering was in the 1870, when Prussia announced the creation of a 'volunteer navy' of ships privately owned and manned and eligible for prize money. The only difference between this and privateering was that these volunteer ships were under the discipline of the regular navy. CSS Savannah, a.

17th, 18th and 19th centuries [ ] Privateers were a large part of the total military force at sea during the 17th and 18th centuries. In the, English privateers attacked the trade on which the United Provinces entirely depended, capturing over 1,000 Dutch merchant ships. During the subsequent, Spanish and Flemish privateers in the service of the Spanish Crown, including the notorious, captured 1,500 English merchant ships, helping to restore Dutch international trade. British trade, whether coastal, Atlantic, or Mediterranean, was also attacked by Dutch privateers and others in the Second and Third Anglo-Dutch wars.

During, approximately 36,000 Americans served aboard privateers at one time or another. During the, the French adopted a policy of strongly encouraging privateers, including the famous, to attack English and Dutch shipping. England lost roughly 4,000 merchant ships during the war. In the following, privateer attacks continued, Britain losing 3,250 merchant ships. Parliament passed an updated Cruisers and Convoys Act in 1708 allocating regular warships to the defence of trade. In the subsequent conflict, the, the Royal Navy was able to concentrate more on defending British ships.

Britain lost 3,238 merchantmen, a smaller fraction of her merchant marine than the enemy losses of 3,434. While French losses were proportionally severe, the smaller but better protected Spanish trade suffered the least and it was Spanish privateers who enjoyed much of the best allied plunder of British trade, particularly in the West Indies. During the privateering took on several forms, including while privateering in general occurred in the interests of both the North and the South.

Would often be issued to private shipping companies and other private owners of ships, authorizing them to engage vessels deemed to be unfriendly to the issuing government. Crews of ships were awarded the cargo and other prizes aboard any captured vessel as an incentive to search far and wide for ships attempting to supply the Confederacy, or aid the Union, as the case may be. ' men search Spanish ladies for their jewels in, 1709 and practised privateering both separately and together after they to create the in 1707. It was a way to gain for themselves some of the wealth the Spanish and Portuguese were taking from the before beginning their own trans-Atlantic settlement, and a way to assert naval power before a strong emerged. Sir,, followed the example of his father, who had been issued with letters of marque by to prey upon English and Portuguese shipping in 1485; the letters in due course were reissued to the son. Barton was killed following an encounter with the English in 1511. Sir, who had close contact with the sovereign, was responsible for some damage to Spanish shipping, as well as attacks on Spanish settlements in the Americas in the 16th century.

He participated in the successful English defence against the in 1588, though he was also partly responsible for the failure of the against Spain in 1589. Sir, was a successful privateer against Spanish shipping in the. He is also famous for his of, the citadel protecting.

He arrived in Puerto Rico on June 15, 1598, but by November of that year Clifford and his men had fled the island due to fierce civilian resistance. He gained sufficient prestige from his naval exploits to be named the official of. Clifford became extremely wealthy through his buccaneering, but lost most of his money gambling on horse races. An action between an English ship and vessels of the Captain led more attacks on Spanish shipping and settlements than any other English privateer. As a young man, Newport sailed with Sir in the attack on the Spanish fleet at Cadiz and participated in England’s defeat of the Spanish Armada.

During the war with Spain, Newport seized fortunes of Spanish and Portuguese treasure in fierce sea battles in the as a privateer for Queen Elizabeth I. He lost an arm whilst capturing a Spanish ship during in 1590, but despite this he continued on privateering, successfully the following year. In 1592, Newport captured the Portuguese carrack (Mother of God), valued at £500,000. Sir was a successful privateer. Operating out of, he carried on a war against Spanish interests in the region, often using cunning tactics. His operation was prone to cruelty against those he captured, including torture to gain information about booty, and in one case using priests as. Despite reproaches for some of his excesses, he was generally protected by Sir, the governor of Jamaica.

He took an enormous amount of booty, as well as landing his privateers ashore and attacking land fortifications, including the sack of the city of with only 1,400 crew. Other British privateers of note include,, Sir, his son Sir,, and Sir. Notable British colonial privateers in include of the brig and of the schooner. The latter schooner captured over 50 American vessels during the. Spain and its colonies [ ]. Bermuda Gazette of 12 November 1796, calling for privateering against Spain and its allies during the 1796 to 1808, and with advertisements for crew for two privateer vessels.

Bermuda was in de facto control of the, with their lucrative salt industry, from the late 17th century to the early 19th. The Bahamas made perpetual attempts to claim the Turks for itself.

On several occasions, this involved seizing the vessels of Bermudian salt traders. A virtual state of war was said to exist between Bermudian and Bahamian vessels for much of the 18th century. When the Bermudian sloop Seaflower was seized by the Bahamians in 1701, the response of the Governor of Bermuda, Captain Benjamin Bennett, was to issue letters of marque to Bermudian vessels. In 1706, Spanish and French forces ousted the Bermudians, but were driven out themselves three years later by the Bermudian privateer Captain. His ship, the Rose, attacked a Spanish and a French privateer holding a captive English vessel. Defeating the two enemy vessels, the Rose then cleared out the thirty-man garrison left by the Spanish and French. Despite strong sentiments in support of the rebels, especially in the early stages, Bermudian privateers turned as aggressively on American shipping during the.

The importance of privateering to the Bermudian economy had been increased not only by the loss of most of Bermuda's continental trade, but also by the, which forbade Bermudian vessels from fishing the. Bermudian trade with the rebellious American colonies actually carried on throughout the war. Some historians credit the large number of Bermuda sloops (reckoned at over a thousand) built in Bermuda as privateers and sold illegally to the Americans as enabling the rebellious colonies to win their independence. Also, the Americans were dependent on Turks salt, and one hundred barrels of gunpowder were stolen from a Bermudian magazine and supplied to the rebels as orchestrated by Colonel and, and as requested by, in exchange for which the authorised the sale of supplies to Bermuda, which was dependent on American produce.

The realities of this interdependence did nothing to dampen the enthusiasm with which Bermudian privateers turned on their erstwhile countrymen. An American naval captain, ordered to take his ship out of to eliminate a pair of Bermudian privateering vessels that had been picking off vessels missed by the Royal Navy, returned frustrated, saying, 'the Bermudians sailed their ships two feet for every one of ours'. Around 10,000 Bermudians emigrated in the years prior to American independence, mostly to the American colonies. Many Bermudians occupied prominent positions in American seaports, from where they continued their maritime trades (Bermudian merchants controlled much of the trade through ports like, and Bermudian shipbuilders influenced the development of American vessels, like the ), and in the Revolution they used their knowledge of Bermudians and of Bermuda, as well as their vessels, for the rebels' cause. In the 1777 Battle of Wreck Hill, brothers Charles and Francis Morgan, members of a large Bermudian enclave that had dominated Charleston, South Carolina and its environs since settlement, captaining two sloops (the Fair American and the Experiment, respectively), carried out the only attack on Bermuda during the war. The target was a fort that guarded a little used passage through the encompassing reefline. After the soldiers manning the fort were forced to abandon it, they spiked its guns and fled themselves before reinforcements could arrive.

Main article: The Spanish acted decisively to avenge their defeat. General was given orders by King, and sailed from Cartagena to Providence with seven large ships, four, 1,400 soldiers and 600 seamen, arriving on 19 May 1641. At first Pimienta planned to attack the poorly defended east side, and the English rushed there to improvise defenses. With the winds against him, Pimienta changed plans and made for the main New Westminster harbor and launched his attack on 24 May.

He held back his large ships to avoid damage, and used the pinnaces to attack the forts. The Spanish troops quickly gained control, and once the forts saw the Spanish flag flying over the governor's house, they began negotiations for surrender. On 25 May 1641, Pimienta formally took possession and celebrated mass in the church. The Spanish took sixty guns, and captured the 350 settlers who remained on the island – others had escaped to the Mosquito coast.

They took the prisoners to Cartagena. The women and children were given a passage back to England. The Spanish found gold, indigo, cochineal and six hundred black slaves on the island, worth a total of 500,000 ducats, some of the accumulated booty from the English raids. Rather than destroy the defenses, as instructed, Pimienta left a small garrison of 150 men to hold the island and prevent occupation by the Dutch. Later that year, Captain, who had been chosen to succeed Captain Butler as governor, arrived with a large group of dissatisfied settlers from New England. He found the Spanish in occupation.

Pimienta's decision to occupy the island was approved in 1643 and he was made a knight of the. Main article: Corsairs (: corsaire) were privateers, authorized to conduct raids on shipping of a nation at war with, on behalf of the French Crown. Seized vessels and cargo were sold at auction, with the corsair captain entitled to a portion of the proceeds.

Although not personnel, corsairs were considered legitimate combatants in France (and allied nations), provided the commanding officer of the vessel was in possession of a valid (fr. Lettre de Marque or Lettre de Course), and the officers and crew conducted themselves according to contemporary. By acting on behalf of the French Crown, if captured by the enemy, they could claim treatment as, instead of being considered. Because corsairs gained a reputation, the word 'corsair' is also used generically as a more romantic or flamboyant way of referring to privateers, or even to pirates. The of as well as were sometimes called 'Turkish corsairs'. Malta [ ] Corsairing (: corso) was an important aspect of 's economy when the island was by the, although the practice had begun earlier.

Corsairs sailed on privately owned ships on behalf of the of the Order, and were authorized to attack Muslim ships, usually merchant ships from the. The corsairs included knights of the Order, native Maltese people, as well as foreigners. When they captured a ship, the goods were sold and the crew and passengers were ransomed or enslaved, and the Order took a percentage of the value of the booty. Corsairing remained common until the end of the 18th century.

United States [ ]. Replica United States topsail, favored by privateers for its speed and ability to. During the, the, and some state governments (on their own initiative), issued privateering licenses, authorizing 'legal piracy', to merchant captains in an effort to take prizes from the British Navy and (Loyalist) privateers.

This was done due to the relatively small number of commissioned American naval vessels and the pressing need for. About 55,000 American seamen served aboard the privateers. They quickly sold their prizes, dividing their profits with the financier (persons or company) and the state (colony). Became a hornets' nest of privateering activity during the (1775–1783), as most transports to and from New York went through the Sound. Was a chief privateering port for the American colonies, leading to the British Navy blockading it in 1778–1779. Chief financiers of privateering included Thomas & Nathaniel Shaw of New London and John McCurdy of. In the months before the British raid on New London and Groton, a New London privateer took Hannah in what is regarded as the largest prize taken by any American privateer during the war.

Retribution was likely part of Gov. Clinton's (NY) motivation for, as the Hannah had carried many of his most cherished items. American privateers are thought to have seized up to 300 British ships during the war. The British ship Jack was and turned into an American privateer, only to be captured again by the British in the,. American privateers not only fought naval battles but also raided numerous communities in British colonies, such as the.

The authorized the to grant letters of marque and reprisal. Between the end of the Revolutionary War and 1812, less than 30 years, Britain,,, the,, and the seized approximately 2,500 American ships. Payments in ransom and tribute to the amounted to 20% of United States government annual revenues in 1800 and would lead the to fight the Barbary states in the and. During the, the British, due to the construction there of a number of privateers.

This was the greatest financial loss of the entire War of 1812 suffered by the Americans. However, the private fleet of, which sailed under the flag of the American government in 1812, was most likely a key factor in the naval campaign of the war. De Wolf's ship, the Yankee, was possibly the most financially successful ship of the war.

Privateers proved to be far more successful than their US Navy counterparts, claiming three quarters of the 1600 British merchant ships taken during the war (although a third of these were recaptured prior to making landfall). One of the more successful of these ships was the, which once captured nine British prizes in swift succession in the. [ ] Whilst apparently successful the privateer campaign was ultimately a failure. British convoy systems honed during the Napoleonic Wars limited losses to singleton ships, and the effective blockade of American and continental ports prevented captured ships being taken in for sale. This ultimately led to orders forbidding US privateers from attempting to bring their prizes in to port, with captured ships instead having to be burnt. Over 200 American privateer ships were captured by the Royal Navy, many of which were turned on their former owners and used by the British blockading forces.

And his privateers aided US General in the defeat of the British in the in order to receive full pardons for their previous crimes. Jackson formally requested clemency for Lafitte and the men who had served under him, and the US government granted them all a full pardon on February 6, 1815. The US was not one of the initial signatories of the 1856 which outlawed privateering, and the authorized use of privateers. However, the US did offer to adopt the terms of the Declaration during the, when the sent several to sea before putting their main effort in the more effective commissioned raiders. During the Confederate President issued letters of marque to anyone who would employ their ship to either attack Union shipping or bring badly needed supplies through the Union blockade into southern ports.

Many of the supplies brought into the Confederacy were carried aboard privately owned vessels. When word came about that the Confederacy was willing to pay almost any price for military supplies, various interested parties designed and built specially designed light weight seagoing steamers, specifically designed and built to outrun Union ships on patrol. No letter of marque has been legitimately issued by the United States since the 19th century. The status of submarine hunting Goodyear airships in the early days of the second world war has created significant confusion.

According to one story, the issued a to the Airship on the West Coast of the United States at the beginning of, making it the first time the US Navy commissioned a privateer since the War of 1812. However, this story, along with various other accounts referring to the airships Resolute and Volunteer as operating under a 'privateer status', is highly dubious. Since neither the Congress nor the President appears to have authorized a privateer during the war, the Navy would not have had the authority to do so by itself. Latin America [ ].